Challenge and Change: History of the Jews in America
holocaust links
America and the Holocaust
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/holocaust/
Companion site to the PBS documentary on America 's response to the Holocaust. Includes a timeline of events, transcripts from the broadcast, eyewitness interviews, scanned images of original documents, maps, photographs, and a teacher's guide.
Around the Mall and Beyond - Schoenberger's Story by Michael Kernan
http://www.smithsonianmag.si.edu/smithsonian/issues95/jun95/around_0695.html
In 1939 Moritz Schoenberger, a Hungarian Jew living in Vienna, wanted to join his family in America. This is the story of his ordeal as a refugee aboard the S.S. St. Louis. Originally published in The Smithsonian Magazine, June 1995.
Benjamin Ferencz Homepage
http://www.benferencz.org
Personal Web site of Benjamin Ferencz , the chief prosecutor for the United States at the so-called Einsatzgruppen Trial, The United States of America v. Otto Ohlendorf , et al., conducted by the Nuremberg Military Tribunals from July 1947 to April 1948. Includes his biography, links to transcripts of the Einsatzgruppen Trial, information about his personal archives at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum , and a bibliography of his published works
Bingham, Hiram "Harry" IV
http://pages.cthome.net/WWIIHERO/#StampSuccess
American Vice-Consul in Marseilles, France in 1939 who granted over 2,500 United States visas to Jewish and other refugees, risking his diplomatic career. United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp in his honor in 2006, 18 years after his death.
Children's Holocaust Memorial & Paper Clip Project at the Whitwell (TN) Middle School
http://www.marionschools.org/holocaust/index.htm
In 1998 eighth grade students at Whitwell Middle School began an after-school study of the Holocaust. The goal of this study was to teach students the importance of respecting different cultures as well as understanding the effects of intolerance. As the study progressed, the sheer number of Jews who were exterminated by the Nazis overwhelmed the students. Six million was a number that the students could not remotely grasp. The students asked Sandra Roberts and David Smith if they could collect something to help them understand the enormity of this extermination. The teachers told the students to ask permission of principal, Linda M. Hooper. She gave the students permission to begin a collection, IF, they could find something to collect that would have meaning to the project. After some research on the Internet, the students decided to collect paper clips because they discovered that paper clips were 1) invented by Norwegians and 2) that Norwegians wore them on their lapels as a silent protest against Nazi occupation in WWII.
Students began bringing in paper clips. They wrote letters to famous people asking for a paper clip. The students also asked people to share their reasons for sending a paper clip. To date approximately 30 million paperclips have been sent to Whitwell Middle School. In addition, the project has received 30 thousand + letters, documents, and artifacts. All of these have been counted and catalogued by students and are on display in the Children's Holocaust Memorial and in the school library. An excellent movie has been made about this project entitled "Paperclips".
Click here for more information.
The Confession of Adolf Eichmann
http://www.einsatzgruppenarchives.com/trials/profiles/introduction.html
On the following pages, LIFE begins its exclusive publication of the confession of Adolf Eichmann, the Nazi who engineered the murder of millions of Jews. The Eichmann story reveals how evil can be rationalized because it has been codified. It is not pleasant reading, but it stands as a warning to every member of the human family. LIFE, Vol. 49, No. 22, November 28, 1960, p. 19.
Constitutional Rights Foundation
Constitutional Rights Foundation (CRF) is a non-profit, non-partisan, community-based organization dedicated to educating America's young people about the importance of civic participation in a democratic society. CRF develops, produces, and distributes programs and materials to teachers, students, and public-minded citizens all across the nation. Of particular interest: United States Asylum Policy- United States Immigration Policy and Hitler's Holocaust?; Haiti and the Boat People; and Seeking Asylum in the U.S.
Cybrary of the Holocaust
http://remember.org/cylinks.html
Cybrary of the Holocaust is an educational forum bringing together survivors, liberators, children of Holocaust survivors, art by children studying the Holocaust, educational efforts, and Books by Survivors to promote learning and remembering about the Holocaust.
The David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies
http://www.wymaninstitute.org/
The David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies teaches the history and lessons of America's response to the Holocaust, through scholarly research, public events, publications, and educational programs.
Department of State: Holocaust Issues
http://www.state.gov/www/regions/eur/holocausthp.html
A portion of the Department of State's Web site focusing on Holocaust-related issues, particularly Holocaust assets. Features the full text of various reports, press releases, public remarks, and fact sheets, as well as the complete proceedings of the Washington Conference on Holocaust-Era Assets in PDF format. Includes contact information for dormant Swiss accounts and a special informational section on slave and forced labor issues.
From Swastika to Jim Crow
http://www.pbs.org/fromswastikatojimcrow/
Companion Web site to the PBS documentary on German-Jewish refugee scholars who, when forced by the Nazis to flee their homeland, continued their teaching careers at historically Black colleges and universities in the American South. Compares the persecution of Jews and other minorities during the Third Reich with the racism and segregation prevalent in the United States at the time. Includes eyewitness interviews, photographs, timelines, an educational guide, a bibliography on Black-Jewish relations, and links to other online resources.
The German-American Bund by Gustave Neuss
http://www.longwood.k12.ny.us/history/yaphank/german_american_bund.htm
This story is written about the creation of the German-American Bund in the town of Yaphank, Long Island, New York, an example of just one of many Bunds which were created in the United States before and during World War II. It was written by Gustave Neuss, whose father, Gustave Neuss Sr., served on the town's Board.
The Hannah Arendt Papers at the Library of Congress
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/arendthtml/arendthome.html
An online collection of and finding aid to the papers of the German Jewish philosopher and exile, Hannah Arendt . Includes digital images of manuscript versions of Arendt's controversial work on the Adolf Eichmann war crimes trial, Eichmann in Jerusalem , and correspondence and transcripts related to the trial. Provides biographical information on Arendt , drafts and correspondence related to many of her works, and essays on her intellectual legacy. Created through the efforts of the Manuscript Division at the Library of Congress and the National Digital Library Program.
Holocaust History Project
http://www.holocaust-history.org/
The Holocaust History Project is a free archive of documents, photographs, recordings, and essays regarding the Holocaust, including direct refutation of Holocaust-denial.
The Holocaust Remembrance Project
The Holocaust Remembrance Project is a national essay contest for high school students that is designed to encourage and promote the study of the Holocaust.
Participation in this project encourages students to think responsibly, be aware of world conditions that undermine human dignity, and make decisions that promote the respect and value inherent in every person. The project serves as a living memorial to the millions of innocent victims of the Holocaust.
High school students across the United States and Mexico are invited to incorporate the project into their study of the Holocaust and to use it as a means to personally react to the messages of the Holocaust
Holocaust: The Untold Story
http://www.newseum.org/holocaust/
Online exhibit by the Newseum , an interactive museum of news located in Arlington , Virginia . Explores the question of how much the United States knew about the Holocaust as it was occurring in Europe , and the reasons why the American press did not fully report on the persecution of Jews and other minorities in Nazi Germany and its occupied territories. Features a historical timeline with short articles and photographs.
"I Saw The Walking Dead": A Black Sergeant Remembers Buchenwald by Leon Bass/Pam Sporn
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/142/
The American soldiers who liberated the Buchenwald Nazi concentration camp had powerful reactions to what they saw, often shaped by their own backgrounds. Leon Bass was a nineteen-year-old African-American sergeant serving in a segregated army unit when he encountered the "walking dead" of Buchenwald. Like many others, he tried to repress his memories of the horrors that he saw there and "never talked about it all". But in the 1960s, while involved in the Civil Rights movement and teaching, he met a Holocaust survivor and felt moved to declare to his students that "I was there, I saw". In this interview with Pam Sporn and her students, he linked the oppression of the Jews and other Nazi victims with the segregation and discrimination faced by African Americans. Listen to the Audio.
Jewish Athlete Still Bitter About Ruined Shot at Gold Medal
http://www.jewishsightseeing.com/germany/berlin/olympic_stadium/19990702-glickman.htm
Marty Glickman won numerous races as a sprinter. He was a college football hero. He had an enviable career as a sports broadcaster. But 63 years after the 1936 Berlin Olympics, he still is bitter that the chance for his biggest moment -- winning a gold medal as an Olympic runner -- was denied to him because he was a Jew. Originally published in the San Diego Jewish Press-Heritage, July 2,1999.
John Pehle, U.S.Treasury Department, 1940-1944, on:
Labor & the Holocaust: The Jewish Labor Committee and the Anti-Nazi Struggle
http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/collections/exhibits/tam/JLC/opener.html
An online exhibition about the anti-Nazi activities and rescue efforts of European Jews based on the historical records of the Jewish Labor Committee archived at NYU's Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives. Includes numerous photographs and images, as well as a bibliography of print and archival sources.
Laemmle's List
http://www.laupheim.de/body_laemmle2.html
Before Ca rl Laemmle's death on 24 September 1939, one of his great humanitarian deeds was the granting of affidavits for persecuted Jews. This article was written by Udo Bayer and published in Film History 4/1998.
A Look Back At Nuremberg
http://www.courttv.com/casefiles/nuremberg/
Documentation by Court TV on the Trial of the Major War Criminals held before the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg , November 1945 to October 1946. Includes full-text excerpts from the trial, an interview with an American prosecutor, a list of defendants and their sentences, and the text of international human rights legislation that has resulted from the trial.
Louisiana Holocaust Survivors
http://www.tulane.edu/~so-inst/laholsur.html
Several Louisiana residents share their stories in interviews conducted by Plater Robinson, The Southern Institute for Education and Research at Tulane University in New Orleans, Holocaust Education specialist. Oral histories of Holocaust survivors are an important resource for researchers and educators. The survivor's personal recollections provide insights into events as experienced and interpreted by the historical actors themselves. There are also available the following audio excerpts from several interviews.
March of the Living
The March of the Living is an international, educational program that brings Jewish teens from all over the world to Poland on Yom Hashoah, Holocaust Memorial Day, to march from Auschwitz to Birkenau, the largest concentration camp complex built during World War II, and then to Israel to observe Yom HaZikaron, Israel Memorial Day, and Yom Ha'Atzmaut, Israel Independence Day. The goal of the March of the Living is for these young people to learn the lessons of the Holocaust and to lead the Jewish people into the future vowing Never Again.
Minnesota Historical Society
The Holocaust and Minnesota History
http://www.mnhs.org/school/classroom/holocaust/index.html
A curriculum kit for 9th to 12th grade students.
Museum of Tolerance
The Museum of Tolerance is a high tech, hands-on experiential museum that focuses on two central themes through unique interactive exhibits: the dynamics of racism and prejudice in America and the history of the Holocaust - the ultimate example of man's inhumanity to man. The Museum, the educational arm of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, was founded to challenge visitors to confront bigotry and racism, and to understand the Holocaust in both historic and contemporary contexts. Click Library and Archives to visit the new Digital archives Page!; the current Featured Collections are "D P Camps" and "Goodbye-Letter". Access the photographs, documents and artifacts of the Simon Wiesenthal Center Museum of Tolerance Archives.
Nazi War Criminal Records Interagency Working Group
http://www.archives.gov/iwg/
Web page by the National Archives and Records Administration on the Interagency Working Group (IWG) established by President Clinton to review and declassify Nazi war criminal records and make them available to the public. Includes finding aids, an inventory of declassified records, announcements, a bibliography, and links to related Web sites about war crimes and war criminals.
Nizkor Project
Nizkor is a Hebrew word which means "we will remember." The goals of Nizkor are:
Nowhere to Turn: Plight of German Jews in Nazi Germany 1933-1941 http://www.mnstate.edu/shoptaug/Titlepage.htm
This web exhibit is about the lives and experiences of several Jewish families who fled Germany in the 1930s, most of them finding refuge in the United States . That they were able to find refuge in America was largely due to the tireless efforts of one man in North Dakota , Herman Stern, who in the middle of America 's decade of depression decided that he could not stand idly by while his relatives in German were being persecuted.
Nuremberg Trials Project-Harvard Law School Library
http://nuremberg.law.harvard.edu/php/docs_swi.php?DI=1&text=overview
The Harvard Law School Library has approximately one million pages of documents relating to the trial of military and political leaders of Nazi Germany before the International Military Tribunal (IMT) and to the twelve trials of other accused war criminals before the United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals (NMT). The documents, which include trial transcripts, briefs, document books, evidence files, and other papers, have been studied by lawyers, scholars, and other researchers in the areas of history, ethics, genocide, and war crimes, and are of particular interest to officials and students of current international tribunals involving war crimes and crimes against humanity. To preserve the contents of these documents--which are now too fragile to be handled--and to provide expanded access to this material, the Library has begun a digital project to create and present images or full-text versions of its Nuremberg documents on the Internet, along with analytical information about each document and general information about the trials.
Remember.org, a Cybrary of the Holocaust
http://remember.org/index.html
The Cybrary is organized into 2 sections: Research, areas where you can explore the issues of the Holocaust, and Forums, where discussion and ongoing feedback is held. To get started, visit their Frequently Asked Questions page.
Response to Anti-Semites' Posting of Talmud "Quotes" and Other Anti-Semitic Fabrications and Distortions, by David S. Maddison
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Cyprus/8815/index.html
This site's objective is to provide responses to the anti-Semites who post alleged quotes from the Talmud and other anti-Jewish propaganda in a way intended to promote hatred of Jews. These "Talmud quotes" and other material are either entire fabrications, mistranslations or out of context. Please click any of the various essays to read more.
The Safe Haven Story
http://www.syracuse.com/features/safehaven/story.htmlstory
August 5, 1944, was a day of joy and apprehension for 982 passengers on a train pulling into Oswego, a small city in upstate New York on the shores of Lake Ontario northwest of Syracuse. The refugees were fleeing from 18 countries Hitler had overrun. Many had escaped from camps like Dachau. Seven people tell their stories: former refugees Walter Greenberg, Ivo Lederer, Rena Romano Block, Manya Breuer and Eva Kaufman Dye; Ruth Gruber, the American who escorted them to the United States; and Geraldine Desens Rossiter, the Oswegonian who often smuggled herself and her bicycle into the camp. The following is a related article: Oswego, New York: Wartime Haven for Jewish Refugees by Carole Garbuny Vogel, published in Avotaynu, winter 1998. For additional resources see: Emergency Refugee Shelter at Fort Ontario: Jewish Haven at Oswego, NY.
CBS produced a mini-series entitled "Haven" and produced a curriculum guide for educators to use in conjunction with the movie.
Learn about the Boy Scout troop which functioned at the camp: Scouting in a World War II Refugee Troop.
The Simon Wiesenthal Center
The Simon Wiesenthal Center is an international Jewish human rights organization dedicated to preserving the memory of the Holocaust by fostering tolerance and understanding through community involvement, educational outreach and social action. The Center confronts important contemporary issues including racism, anti-semitism, terrorism, and genocide and is accredited as an NGO both at the United Nations and UNESCO. Click "Explore and Learn" for a wealth of online resources on the above mentioned topics.
The Southern Institute for Education and Research
http://www.southerninstitute.info/index.jsp
The Southern Institute for Education and Research at Tulane University in New Orleans provides a broad range of free anti-bias teaching resources and inter-group relations training in the Deep South. Of particular interest:
Click here to download a ASCII copy of Schindler's List Teaching Guide . (241K) Click here to download a Zipped copy of Schindler's List Teaching Guide . (79K) Click here to download a Zipped copy of Deathly Silence Teaching Guide . (79K)
Survivors of the Shoah: Virtual History Foundation
Survivors of the Shoah: Virtual History Foundation mission is to chronicle, before it is too late, the firsthand accounts of survivors. Click here to watch the video (Quicktime required. Get free QuickTime Player for Windows or free QuickTime Player for Mac. Recommended for high speed connections only.) This short video explores the history and current work of the Shoah Foundation, at once showing - and demonstrating - the power of video as a communicative medium. VHF offers the following resources: Witnesses as Teachers: The Shoah Foundation develops educational products and programs for teachers, students, and universities around the world. Educational Use of the Shoah Foundation's Visual History Testimonies: With products, programs and partnerships, the Shoah Foundation conducts global educational outreach. The Archive: Learn about the Shoah Foundation's archive: how it was collected, how it is preserved, how it is being catalogued and indexed, and how to gain access to it. New Product:Echoes and Reflections —a multimedia curriculum on the Holocaust, is the result of an unprecedented partnership between the Anti-Defamation League, the Shoah Foundation, and Yad Vashem.
A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust
http://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/default.htm
An overview of the people and events of the Holocaust through photographs, documents, art, music, movies, and literature.
The Trial of Adolph Eichmann
In 1961, the world watched the first televised courtroom trial in the history of television, as a Jerusalem court tried Nazi SS Lieutenant Colonel Adolf Eichmann for crimes against the Jewish people. Eichmann's role in deporting the Jews of Europe to concentration camps made him the target of a fifteen-year manhunt by Israeli agents. His defense, like that of other Nazis, was that he was "just following orders." This was a joint project between PBS and ABC News.
United States Holocaust Museum
http://www.ushmm.org/
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is America 's national institution for the documentation, study, and interpretation of Holocaust history, and serves as this country's memorial to the millions of people murdered during the Holocaust. The Museum's primary mission is to advance and disseminate knowledge about this unprecedented tragedy; to preserve the memory of those who suffered; and to encourage its visitors to reflect upon the moral and spiritual questions raised by the events of the Holocaust as well as their own responsibilities as citizens of a democracy.
Chartered by a unanimous Act of Congress in 1980 and located adjacent to the National Mall in Washington, D.C., the Museum strives to broaden public understanding of the history of the Holocaust through multifaceted programs both in the museum and online exhibitions; research; collecting and preserving material evidence;art and artifacts relating to the Holocaust; annual Holocaust commemorations known as the Days of Remembrance; distribution of educational materials and teacher resources; and a variety of public programming designed to enhance understanding of the Holocaust and related issues, including those of contemporary significance.
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Voyage of the "St. Louis"
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005267
On May 13, 1939, the German transatlantic liner "St. Louis" sailed from Hamburg, Germany, for Havana, Cuba. On the voyage were 937 passengers. Almost all were Jews fleeing from the Third Reich. See also: USHMM Online Exhibition: The Voyage of the St. Louis (listed above), as well as these two articles: Return to Europe of the St. Louis & Wartime Fate of the Passengers of the "St. Louis". This article is from the United States Coast Guard historian's office: The Voyage of the Damned: What was the Coast Guard's Role in the S.S. St. Louis Affair?
War Crimes Tribunals: An In-depth Analysis
http://www.facts.com/icof/warintro.htm
Documents the history of war crimes tribunals, with special emphasis on the Nuremberg trials of Nazi war criminals. Also provides background information on the establishment of an international war-crimes court in the wake of recent mass violence and ethnic cleansing in Bosnia and Serbia . The website is produced by Facts On File News Services, a division of the World Almanac Education Group, a WRC Media Company. It is a provider of authoritative current-events information to subscribers throughout the world in news media, government, and education. Facts On File , the weekly world news digest, has been published without interruption since 1940. WRC Media Inc., a leading publishing and media company, creates and distributes innovative supplementary educational materials for the school, library, and home markets.
We Never Knew
www.weneverknew.net/georgetwon/weneverknew.asp
How much was known about Hitler before he came into power? How much was on the record about the nature of the Nazi regime in its early days? How pervasive was its anti-Semitism, and how much of that was documented long before the outbreak of the war? What was known about Hitler's dreams of conquest? Was the Holocaust foreseeable? A common answer to all these questions has often been "We never knew....," as if somehow the entire history of the Third Reich took place on a distant planet, unknown and unknowable. Our aim is simple: To puncture this myth.
When Hate Came to Town: New Orleans' Jews and George Lincoln Rockwell by Lawrence N. Powell
http://www.holocaustsurvivors.org/cgibin/data.show.pl?di=record&da=texts&ke=3
In few other Southern Jewish communities has assimilation (in the nonpejorative meaning of the word) advanced as far as it has in the Crescent City. The New Orleans Jewish community is unusual even by Southern standards. It is very old, tracing its origins to the early nineteenth century. Read this essay for more information.Lawrence N. Powell teaches courses on Southern History, Civil War and Reconstruction, and the Holocaust at Tulane University.
